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==Root Zone Management Process==  
==Root Zone Management Process==  
The [[NTIA|National Telecommunications Information Administration]] (NTIA), [[ICANN]], [[Verisign]] and the [[Root Server Operators]] play significant roles in the management and process of the root zone.  
[[ICANN]], [[Verisign]] and the [[Root Server Operators]] play significant roles in the management and process of the root zone.  


NTIA is an agency under the United States [[DOC|Department of Commerce]], which represents the federal government in a contract entered in with ICANN and Verisign, which grants the organizations separate functions in managing the performance of the root zone. NTIA is responsible in reviewing and approving whatever changes that need to be implemented within the root zone.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/committees/dns-root/root-scaling-study-report-31aug09-en.pdf www.icann.org]</ref>
ICANN is the operator of the [[IANA|Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA), which is responsible for the day-to-day management of the DNS root zone. IANA assigns the operators of the top level domain and ensures the maintenance and the administrative details of the TLDs.<ref>RFC 1591</ref><ref>[http://www.iana.org/domains/root/ Root Zone Management]</ref> It is also responsible for the coordination of the [[IP|Internet Protocol]] (IP) and [[ASN|Autonomous System Numbers]] (ASN) to the [[RIR|Regional Internet Registries]] (RIR).


ICANN is the operator of the [[IANA|Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA), which is responsible for the day-to-day management of the DNS root zone. IANA assigns the operators of the top level domain and ensures the maintenance and the administrative details of the TLDs.<ref>[http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591 RFC 1591]</ref><ref> [http://www.iana.org/domains/root/ Root Zone Management]</ref> It is also responsible for the coordination of the [[IP|Internet Protocol]] (IP) and [[ASN|Autonomous System Numbers]] (ASN) to the [[RIR|Regional Internet Registries]] (RIR).
Verisign, and formerly [[Network Solutions]], serves as the root zone administrator.


Verisign, and formerly [[Network Solutions]], serves as the root zone administrator under a cooperative agreement entered with the United States government; this has been in effect since 1998.
The [[Root Server Operators]]' primary role is to make sure that the operations of the root zone are always accurate, available, reliable, and secure. There are twelve Root Server Operators in the database of the root zone, which include:<ref>[http://www.isoc.org/briefings/019/ Root Server Operators]</ref>
 
The [[Root Server Operators]]' primary role is to make sure that the operations of the root zone is always accurate, available, reliable and secure. There are twelve Root Server Operators in the database of the root zone, which include:<ref>[http://www.isoc.org/briefings/019/ Root Server Operators]</ref>


* A/J - [[Verisign]] Global Registry Services
* A/J - [[Verisign]] Global Registry Services
* B - [[Information Sciences Institute]]
* B - [[University of Southern California – Information Sciences Institute|USC ISI]]
* C - [[Cogent Communications]]
* C - [[Cogent Communications]]
* D - [[University of Maryland]]
* D - [[University of Maryland – ACIGS]]
* E - [[NASA Ames Research Center]]
* E - [[NASA Ames Research Center]]
* F - [[ISC|Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.]]
* F - [[ISC|Internet Systems Consortium, Inc.]]
* G - [[U.S. DOD Network Information Center]]
* G - [[Defense Information Systems Agency]]
* H -[[ U.S. Army Research Lab]]
* H -[[ U.S. Army Research Lab]]
* I - [[Autonomica]]/[[NORDUnet]]
* I - [[Netnod | Autonomica/NORDUnet]]
* K - [[RIPE NCC]]
* K - [[RIPE NCC]]
* L - [[ICANN]]
* L - [[ICANN]]
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* Adding IPv6 records to the root zone will add glue records for the name server of every TLD. This means that the amount of data increases per TLD in the root zone and the number of changes per TLD will also increase each year.
* Adding IPv6 records to the root zone will add glue records for the name server of every TLD. This means that the amount of data increases per TLD in the root zone and the number of changes per TLD will also increase each year.


The Root Scaling Study Team also found that the proposed changes to the root also affect the end-system applications of the Internet such as the web browsers, intermediary “middleboxes” that perform traffic shaping, firewall, and caching functions; and [[ISP]]s that manage the DNS services provided to internet users.
The Root Scaling Study Team also found that the proposed changes to the root also affect the end-system applications of the Internet such as the web browsers, intermediary “middleboxes” that perform traffic shaping, firewall, and caching functions; and [[ISP]]s that manage the DNS services provided to Internet users.


In addition, the team also recommended further study of how to detect the important signs of stress or problems in root zone management, and how to arrange communication between the individuals primary involved in the root zone management system to ensure that  timely intelligence support  and effective cooperative action are available and resolve the effects of discontinuities before causing further problems.
In addition, the team also recommended further study of how to detect the important signs of stress or problems in root zone management, and how to arrange communication between the individuals primary involved in the root zone management system to ensure that  timely intelligence support  and effective cooperative action are available and resolve the effects of discontinuities before causing further problems.
==Human rights and the root zone==
The root zone does not censor queries for any reason. Any user's queries are responded to regardless of their intentions.


==References==  
==References==  
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
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[[Category:Glossary]]
[[Category:Articles with Chinese]]
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