ARPANET: Difference between revisions

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===Paul Baran's Packet Switching: The Basis of ARPANET===

The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with [[Paul Baran]], a researcher from [[ Research and Development|RAND]], Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using ~~'''~~redundancy~~'''~~ and ~~'''~~digital~~'''~~ technology." ~~His~~ idea was dismissed by many ~~however~~, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He ~~envisage~~ a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes ~~will~~ serve as switches that ~~will~~ route information from one node to another until it ~~reaches~~ its final destination. He later developed [[packet switching]], a method of dividing information into "message blocks" before sending them out to a network. Each message block ~~will~~ be sent separately and ~~will~~ rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.<ref>[http://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet]</ref>

The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with [[Paul Baran]], a researcher from [[Research and Development|RAND]], Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using redundancy and digital technology." Although his idea was dismissed by many, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He envisioned a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes would serve as switches that would route information from one node to another until it reached its final destination. He later developed [[packet switching]], a method of dividing information into "message blocks" before sending them out to a network. Each message block was be sent separately and then rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.<ref>[http://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet]</ref>

===J.C.R. Licklider Leads IPTO===

During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from ~~[[BBN|~~Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] to lead the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]] which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build a first wide ~~are~~ computer ~~networks~~ for the cross country radar defense system interconnecting the three major ~~Defense~~ sites of the United States with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.

During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from Bolt, Beranek and Newman to lead the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]], which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build the first wide area computer network for the cross country radar defense system, interconnecting the three major defense sites of the United States, with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.

Licklider envisioned the project based on Baran's idea and method of packet switching.<ref>[http://cs.gmu.edu/cne/pjd/TT/innov_story.pdf The World Wide Web, a Paradigm of Innovation]</ref> He also visualized a universal network that ~~will~~ allow people to communicate with each other using the ~~commputer~~. He ~~called~~ the first group of computer ~~specialist~~ working in the research project as the ~~'''~~Intergalactic Network~~'''~~. Licklider's interest in connecting the community through a computer network resulted in the creation of the ARPANET. <ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Licklider]</ref> He believed in the "promise offered by the computer as a communication medium between people, not as an arithmetic engine."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/n www.columbia.edu~~]</ref>~~

Licklider envisioned the project based on Baran's idea and method of packet switching.<ref>[http://cs.gmu.edu/cne/pjd/TT/innov_story.pdf The World Wide Web, a Paradigm of Innovation]</ref> He also visualized a universal network that would allow people to communicate with each other using the computer. He referred to the first group of computer specialists working on the research project as the "Intergalactic Network." Licklider's interest in connecting the community through a computer network resulted in the creation of the ARPANET.<ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Licklider]</ref> He believed in the "promise offered by the computer as a communication medium between people, not as an arithmetic engine."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/n www.columbia.edu]</ref> In 1964, Licklider resigned from IPTO as Director and went to work for [[IBM]].

IPTO also funded several university research laboratories which include: [[Carnegie-Mellon University]], [[Harvard University]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of California Berkeley|UCB]], [[University of California Los Angeles|UCLA ]], [[University of California Santa Barbara|UCSB]], [[University of Illinois]], and the [[University of Utah]]. The agency also funded some leading research laboratories such as [[BBN]], [[Computer Corporation of America]], [[RAND]], [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], and [[Systems Development Corporation]] to perform advance research on computer network and technologies.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm IPTO]</ref> In 1964, Licklider resigned from IPTO as Director and went to work for [[IBM]].

===Ivan Sutherland became IPTO Director===

Licklider was succeeded by [[Ivan Sutherland]] who developed the Sketchpad program which enabled computer displays to be saved and modified in a memory. He also developed computer graphics. Inspired by his predecessors' vision of universal network, in 1965, Sutherland awarded a contract [[Lawrence Roberts]] from [[MIT]] to develop the computer networking technology. Roberts worked with [[Thomas Marril]] and they were able to implement the first packet dial-up telephone connection exchange between a TX-2 computer at MIT and a Q-32 computer in California.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Sutherland]</ref>

Licklider was succeeded by [[Ivan Sutherland]], who developed the Sketchpad program which enabled computer displays to be saved and modified in memory. He also developed computer graphics. Inspired by his predecessors' vision of a universal network, in 1965, Sutherland awarded a contract [[Lawrence Roberts]] from MIT to develop the computer networking technology. Roberts worked with [[Thomas Marril]] and they were able to implement the first packet dial-up telephone connection exchange between a TX-2 computer at MIT and a Q-32 computer in California.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Sutherland]</ref>

===Robert Taylor Approval of ARPANET===

In 1966, Robert Taylor became IPTO ~~director~~ succeeding Sutherland. ~~Greatly inspired by Licklider's vision of universal network, he~~ lobbied for additional funding to be able to carry out a research project to achieve a distributed communication network. A one million dollar funding was promised to him by then ~~DARPA~~ Chief [[Charlie Hertzfeld]] ~~if he will be able to organize the project. He~~ was ~~able to convince Roberts to join~~ IPTO as Chief Scientist. On June 21, 1968, Taylor approved the Resource Sharing Computer Network Report, a plan to create ARPANET which was prepared by Roberts.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Taylor Appproved Creation of ARPANET]</ref> ARPANET was officially developed on August 30, 1969.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET officially created]</ref> Lawrence Roberts became Director of IPTO the following month.

In 1966, Robert Taylor became IPTO Director, succeeding Sutherland. He lobbied for additional funding to be able to carry out a research project to achieve a distributed communication network. A one million dollar funding was promised to him by DARPA then-Chief [[Charlie Hertzfeld]], and Roberts was hired by IPTO as Chief Scientist. On June 21, 1968, Taylor approved the Resource Sharing Computer Network Report, a plan to create ARPANET, which was prepared by Roberts.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Taylor Appproved Creation of ARPANET]</ref> ARPANET was officially developed on August 30, 1969.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET officially created]</ref> Lawrence Roberts became Director of IPTO the following month.

==Development of ARPANET==

===Network Working Group===

The computer experts from the four research laboratories that received research funding from IPTO were called the [[NWG|Network Working Group]]. They were delegated to identify and solve the technical problems associated with the development and completion of the ARPANET. The NWG was formed when a meeting was called by Elmer Shapiro from SRI in 1968 to discuss the host to host problems as per instruction given by ARPA. Shapiro was the chairman of the NWG. [[Stephen Crocker|Steve Crocker]], who represents UCLA recalled that during the NWG first meeting [[Steve Carr]] from University of Utah [[Jeff Rulifson]] from SRI, and [[Ron Stoughton]] from UCSB were present. According to him, the meeting was thought provoking and all their ideas was original. Elmer Shapiro initiated conversation and brainstorming by asking questions to the group. The NWG came up with theoretical ideas and visualized different possibilities to formulate new ideas. The NWG decided to meet regularly and Crocker describe what transpired during the first meeting with the following statement:

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ===Paul Baran's Packet Switching: The Basis of ARPANET===
-The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with [[Paul Baran]], a researcher from [[ Research and Development|RAND]], Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using '''redundancy''' and '''digital''' technology." His idea was dismissed by many however, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He envisage a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes will serve as switches that will route information from one node to another until it reaches its final destination.  He later developed [[packet switching]], a method of dividing information into "message blocks"  before sending them out to a network. Each message block will be sent separately and will rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.<ref>[http://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet]</ref>
+The basis of the academic research for the ARPANET started with [[Paul Baran]], a researcher from [[Research and Development|RAND]], Inc. and one of the fathers of Internet. In 1962, Baran suggested to "design a more robust communications network using redundancy and digital technology." Although his idea was dismissed by many, Baran continued to work on developing his idea with colleagues at RAND. He envisioned a distributed communications wherein a network of unmanned nodes would serve as switches that would route information from one node to another until it reached its final destination. He later developed [[packet switching]], a method of dividing information into "message blocks"  before sending them out to a network. Each message block was be sent separately and then rejoined as a whole when reaching the final destination.<ref>[http://www.rand.org/about/history/baran.html Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet]</ref>
 ===J.C.R. Licklider Leads IPTO===
-During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from [[BBN|Bolt, Beranek and Newman]] to lead  the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]] which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build a first wide are computer networks for the cross country radar defense system interconnecting the three major Defense sites of the United States with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.
+During the same year, DARPA commissioned Dr. [[Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider|J.C.R. Licklider]] from Bolt, Beranek and Newman to lead the [[IPTO| Information Processing Techniques Office]], which was mandated to further develop the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program and build the first wide area computer network for the cross country radar defense system, interconnecting the three major defense sites of the United States, with the capability to survive a nuclear attack.
-Licklider envisioned the project based on Baran's idea and method of packet switching.<ref>[http://cs.gmu.edu/cne/pjd/TT/innov_story.pdf The World Wide Web, a Paradigm of Innovation]</ref> He also visualized a universal network that will allow people to communicate with each other using the commputer. He called the first group of computer specialist working in the research project as the '''Intergalactic Network'''. Licklider's interest in connecting the community through a computer network resulted in the creation of the ARPANET. <ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Licklider]</ref> He believed in the "promise offered by the computer as a communication medium between people, not as an arithmetic engine."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/n www.columbia.edu]</ref>
+Licklider envisioned the project based on Baran's idea and method of packet switching.<ref>[http://cs.gmu.edu/cne/pjd/TT/innov_story.pdf The World Wide Web, a Paradigm of Innovation]</ref> He also visualized a universal network that would allow people to communicate with each other using the computer. He referred to the first group of computer specialists working on the research project as the "Intergalactic Network." Licklider's interest in connecting the community through a computer network resulted in the creation of the ARPANET.<ref>[http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/~acc/docs/arpa--1.html Licklider]</ref> He believed in the "promise offered by the computer as a communication medium between people, not as an arithmetic engine."<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/CS/n www.columbia.edu]</ref> In 1964, Licklider resigned from IPTO as Director and went to work for [[IBM]].
-IPTO also funded several university research laboratories which include: [[Carnegie-Mellon University]], [[Harvard University]], [[MIT]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of California Berkeley|UCB]], [[University of California Los Angeles|UCLA ]], [[University of California Santa Barbara|UCSB]], [[University of Illinois]], and the [[University of Utah]]. The agency also funded some leading research laboratories such as [[BBN]], [[Computer Corporation of America]], [[RAND]], [[Stanford Research Institute|SRI]], and [[Systems Development Corporation]] to perform advance research on computer network and technologies.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm IPTO]</ref> In 1964, Licklider resigned from IPTO as Director and went to work for [[IBM]].
 ===Ivan Sutherland became IPTO Director===
-Licklider was succeeded by [[Ivan Sutherland]] who developed the Sketchpad program which enabled computer displays to be saved and modified in a memory. He also developed computer graphics. Inspired by his predecessors' vision of universal network, in 1965, Sutherland awarded a contract  [[Lawrence Roberts]] from [[MIT]] to develop the computer networking technology. Roberts worked with [[Thomas Marril]] and they were able to implement the first packet dial-up telephone connection exchange between a TX-2 computer at MIT and a Q-32 computer in California.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Sutherland]</ref>
+Licklider was succeeded by [[Ivan Sutherland]], who developed the Sketchpad program which enabled computer displays to be saved and modified in memory. He also developed computer graphics. Inspired by his predecessors' vision of a universal network, in 1965, Sutherland awarded a contract [[Lawrence Roberts]] from MIT to develop the computer networking technology. Roberts worked with [[Thomas Marril]] and they were able to implement the first packet dial-up telephone connection exchange between a TX-2 computer at MIT and a Q-32 computer in California.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Sutherland]</ref>
 ===Robert Taylor Approval of ARPANET===
-In 1966, Robert Taylor became IPTO director succeeding Sutherland. Greatly inspired by Licklider's vision of universal network, he lobbied for additional funding to be able to carry out a research project to achieve a distributed communication network. A one million dollar funding was promised to him by then DARPA Chief [[Charlie Hertzfeld]] if he will be able to organize the project. He was able to convince Roberts to join IPTO as Chief Scientist. On June 21, 1968, Taylor approved the Resource Sharing Computer Network Report, a plan to create ARPANET which was prepared by Roberts.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Taylor Appproved Creation of ARPANET]</ref> ARPANET was officially developed on August 30, 1969.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET officially created]</ref> Lawrence Roberts became Director of IPTO the following month.
+In 1966, Robert Taylor became IPTO Director, succeeding Sutherland. He lobbied for additional funding to be able to carry out a research project to achieve a distributed communication network. A one million dollar funding was promised to him by DARPA then-Chief [[Charlie Hertzfeld]], and Roberts was hired by IPTO as Chief Scientist. On June 21, 1968, Taylor approved the Resource Sharing Computer Network Report, a plan to create ARPANET, which was prepared by Roberts.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_ipto.htm Taylor Appproved Creation of ARPANET]</ref> ARPANET was officially developed on August 30, 1969.<ref>[http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_arpanet.htm ARPANET officially created]</ref> Lawrence Roberts became Director of IPTO the following month.
 ==Development of ARPANET==
 ===Network Working Group===
 The computer experts from the four research laboratories that received research funding from IPTO were called the [[NWG|Network Working Group]]. They were delegated to identify and solve the technical problems associated with the development and completion of the ARPANET. The NWG was formed when a meeting was called by Elmer Shapiro from SRI in 1968 to discuss the host to host problems as per instruction given by ARPA. Shapiro was the chairman of the NWG. [[Stephen Crocker|Steve Crocker]], who represents UCLA recalled that during the NWG first meeting [[Steve Carr]] from University of Utah [[Jeff Rulifson]] from SRI, and [[Ron Stoughton]] from UCSB were present.  According to him, the meeting was thought provoking and all their ideas was original. Elmer Shapiro initiated conversation and brainstorming by asking questions to the group. The NWG came up with theoretical ideas and visualized different possibilities to formulate new ideas. The NWG decided to meet regularly and Crocker describe what transpired during the first meeting with the following statement: