Internet: Difference between revisions

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To counteract the perceived threat of Russian space exploration during the Cold War, the United States boosted investment in research and computer science. Fearing the potential destruction of the national telephone line network, the United States turned to J.C.R. Licklider, a psychologist and computer scientist at MIT and DARPA to develop a robust, defensive alternative.<ref name="Invention of Internet">http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet The Invention of the Internet. History.com Staff. History.com. 20 Mar 2015</ref>

Beginning in 1962, Licklider developed his "Galactic Network" concept, referred to as an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites. After becoming the first head of [[DARPA]]'s computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit in a organization-wide memo, referring to the idea as a "the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.", and "open to all."<ref name="Garreau2006">{{http://books.google.com/books?id=YCuOKOD5nY4C&pg=PA22. Joel Garreau. 2006. Retrieved 27 Mar 2015.</ref>

Beginning in 1962, Licklider developed his "Galactic Network" concept, referred to as an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites. After becoming the first head of [[DARPA]]'s computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit in a organization-wide memo, referring to the idea as a "the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.", and "open to all."

<ref name="Garreau2006">http://books.google.com/books?id=YCuOKOD5nY4C&pg=PA22. Joel Garreau. 2006. Retrieved 27 Mar 2015.</ref>

Contemporaneously, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock], a computer scientist at UCLA, pursued the feasibility of [[packet switching]], a method of information delivery that sends data in small "packets", or portions through different routes as a part of his doctoral research. This concept was thought to be a central component of the mechanics of the Internet, and would later lend a hand in the development of inter-network communication.

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Believing their country to be technologically underdeveloped, French politicians made sweeping measures to grow the country's computing capacities, investing in government and educational institutions.<ref name="Fifth Man">http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its#The Internet's Fifth Man. The Economist. 30 Nov 2013</ref>

Under government sponsorship, Louis Pouzin and others visited U.S. universities to learn more about ARPANET and packet switching. Pouzin thought ARPANET to be overly-complex and burdensome and decided to refine the packet process by individually labeling and sending each packet, not necessarily in sequential order and not necessarily with a connection between sender and receiver. <ref name="Cyclades">http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CYCLB.html Presentation and Major Design Aspects of the CYCLADES Computer Network. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks, University of Sussex, held in 1973. Nov 1973. Retrieved 07 Apr 2015<ref/> The receiving computer would piece together the individual packets, or datagram. While this network was certainly seen as the European competitor to ARPANET, its creation informed many Internet innovators including [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]].<ref name="Fifth Man"/>

Under government sponsorship, Louis Pouzin and others visited U.S. universities to learn more about ARPANET and packet switching. Pouzin thought ARPANET to be overly-complex and burdensome and decided to refine the packet process by individually labeling and sending each packet, not necessarily in sequential order and not necessarily with a connection between sender and receiver. <ref name="Cyclades">http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CYCLB.html Presentation and Major Design Aspects of the CYCLADES Computer Network. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks, University of Sussex, held in 1973. Nov 1973. Retrieved 07 Apr 2015</ref> The receiving computer would piece together the individual packets, or datagram. While this network was certainly seen as the European competitor to ARPANET, its creation informed many Internet innovators including [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]].<ref name="Fifth Man"/>

[[File:Cyclades Nodes.png | ~~left~~]]

[[File:Cyclades Nodes.png|thumb|]]

In the late 1970s the French government withdrew its funding and disbanded Pouzin's team. It decided to back other networks that relied on circuit sharing, rather than the newer, riskier packet sharing. Pouzin's work went beyond CYCLADES, informing a class of American academics who went on to develop some of the essential structures of the internet.<ref name="Fifth Man"/>

==References==

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 To counteract the perceived threat of Russian space exploration during the Cold War, the United States boosted investment in research and computer science. Fearing the potential destruction of the national telephone line network, the United States turned to J.C.R. Licklider, a psychologist and computer scientist at MIT and DARPA to develop a robust, defensive alternative.<ref name="Invention of Internet">http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-internet The Invention of the Internet. History.com Staff. History.com. 20 Mar 2015</ref>
-Beginning in 1962, Licklider developed his "Galactic Network" concept, referred to as an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites.  After becoming the first head of [[DARPA]]'s computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit in a organization-wide memo, referring to the idea as a "the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.", and "open to all."<ref name="Garreau2006">{{http://books.google.com/books?id=YCuOKOD5nY4C&pg=PA22. Joel Garreau. 2006. Retrieved 27 Mar 2015.</ref>
+Beginning in 1962, Licklider developed his "Galactic Network" concept, referred to as an expansive network of computers that would offer its users access to data and programs from a series of sites.  After becoming the first head of [[DARPA]]'s computer research program in October 1962, Licklider successfully convinced his colleagues of the vision's merit in a organization-wide memo, referring to the idea as a "the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.", and "open to all."
+<ref name="Garreau2006">http://books.google.com/books?id=YCuOKOD5nY4C&pg=PA22. Joel Garreau. 2006. Retrieved 27 Mar 2015.</ref>
 Contemporaneously, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock Leonard Kleinrock], a computer scientist at UCLA, pursued the feasibility of [[packet switching]], a method of information delivery that sends data in small "packets", or portions through different routes as a part of his doctoral research. This concept was thought to be a central component of the mechanics of the Internet, and would later lend a hand in the development of inter-network communication.
@@ Line 49: / Line 50: @@
 Believing their country to be technologically underdeveloped, French politicians made sweeping measures to grow the country's computing capacities, investing in government and educational institutions.<ref name="Fifth Man">http://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its#The Internet's Fifth Man. The Economist. 30 Nov 2013</ref>
-Under government sponsorship, Louis Pouzin and others visited U.S. universities to learn more about ARPANET and packet switching. Pouzin thought ARPANET to be overly-complex and burdensome and decided to refine the packet process by individually labeling and sending each packet, not necessarily in sequential order and not necessarily with a connection between sender and receiver. <ref name="Cyclades">http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CYCLB.html Presentation and Major Design Aspects of the CYCLADES Computer Network. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks, University of Sussex, held in 1973. Nov 1973. Retrieved 07 Apr 2015<ref/> The receiving computer would piece together the individual packets, or datagram. While this network was certainly seen as the European competitor to ARPANET, its creation informed many Internet innovators including [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]].<ref name="Fifth Man"/>
+Under government sponsorship, Louis Pouzin and others visited U.S. universities to learn more about ARPANET and packet switching. Pouzin thought ARPANET to be overly-complex and burdensome and decided to refine the packet process by individually labeling and sending each packet, not necessarily in sequential order and not necessarily with a connection between sender and receiver. <ref name="Cyclades">http://rogerdmoore.ca/PS/CYCLB.html Presentation and Major Design Aspects of the CYCLADES Computer Network. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computer Communication Networks, University of Sussex, held in 1973. Nov 1973. Retrieved 07 Apr 2015</ref> The receiving computer would piece together the individual packets, or datagram. While this network was certainly seen as the European competitor to ARPANET, its creation informed many Internet innovators including [[Vint Cerf]] and [[Bob Kahn]].<ref name="Fifth Man"/>
-[[File:Cyclades Nodes.png | left]]
+[[File:Cyclades Nodes.png|thumb|]]
 In the late 1970s the French government withdrew its funding and disbanded Pouzin's team. It decided to back other networks that relied on circuit sharing, rather than the newer, riskier packet sharing. Pouzin's work went beyond CYCLADES, informing a class of American academics who went on to develop some of the essential structures of the internet.<ref name="Fifth Man"/>
 ==References==